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Isidingo esilokhu sikhula njalo sokuxhumana ngocingo lweselula siholele ekuveleni okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe obungenawaya (G), obungase bube nomthelela ohlukile ezinhlelweni zebhayoloji. Ukuhlola lokhu, sidalule amagundane ekuchayekeni kwekhanda elilodwa ku-4G yesikhathi eside evolution (LTE) -1800 MHz inkambu kazibuthe kagesi (EMF) amahora ama-2 yancipha kakhulu. i-neuroinflammation ku-microglia spatial coverage kanye nomsebenzi we-electrophysiological neuronal ku-primary auditory cortex (ACx).Isilinganiso se-SAR ku-ACx ngu-0.5 W/kg.Ukurekhodwa kwamayunithi amaningi kubonisa ukuthi i-LTE-EMF icupha ukuncipha kokusabela kumathoni amsulwa namagama emvelo, kuyilapho ukuzwakala okuphansi nokukhuphuka kwezwi eliphansi ama-frequencies.I-Iba1 immunohistochemistry ayizange ibonise izinguquko endaweni embozwe imizimba ye-microglial kanye nezinqubo.Emagundaneni anempilo, ukuchayeka kwe-LTE okufanayo akuzange kubangele izinguquko ekuphenduleni okukhulu kanye nemikhawulo ye-acoustic.Idatha yethu ibonisa ukuthi i-neuroinflammation ebukhali izwela ama-neurons ku-LTE-EMF, okuholela ekucutshungulweni okuguquguqukayo kwe-ACx ye-acoustic.
Imvelo kazibuthe yesintu ishintshe kakhulu kule minyaka engamashumi amathathu edlule ngenxa yokwanda okuqhubekayo kwezokuxhumana okungenantambo.Okwamanje, abantu abangaphezu kwezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zabantu babhekwa njengabasebenzisi bomakhalekhukhwini (MP).Ukusabalala okukhulu kwalobu buchwepheshe kuye kwavusa ukukhathazeka nenkulumo-mpikiswano mayelana nemiphumela engaba yingozi ye-pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) ekhishwa yi-radiocode (iziteshi ze-EMFRF) nge-radiocode noma i-MP. ezokuxhumana.Le ndaba yezempilo yomphakathi igqugquzele inani lezifundo zokuhlola ezinikelwe ekuphenyeni imiphumela yokumuncwa kwe-radiofrequency ezicutshini zebhayoloji1.Olunye lwalezi zifundo lubheke izinguquko kumsebenzi wenethiwekhi ye-neuronal kanye nezinqubo zokuqonda, uma kubhekwa ukuba seduze kobuchopho emithonjeni ye-RF ngaphansi kokusetshenziswa okugcwele kwe-MP.Izifundo eziningi ezibikiwe ezisetshenziswa kusistimu ye-2 yeselula yokuxhumana yeselula ye-2 G (GSM) noma i-wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA)/third generation universal mobile telecommunications systems (WCDMA/3G UMTS)2 ,3,4,5.Kuncane okwaziwayo ngemiphumela yamasignali efrikhwensi yomsakazo asetshenziswa ezinsizeni zeselula zesizukulwane sesine (4G), ezithembele kubuchwepheshe be-Internet Protocol yedijithali obubizwa ngokuthi yi-Long Term Evolution, LTE1et1 isevisi yezandla elindelwe i-LTE20 ukuze kufinyelelwe ababhalisile be-LTE abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-6.6 ngoJanuwari 2022 (GSMA: //gsacom.com).Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo ze-GSM (2G) kanye ne-WCDMA (3G) ezisekelwe ezinhlelweni zokumodelisa inkampani yenethiwekhi eyodwa, i-LTE isebenzisa i-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) njengefomethi yesiginali eyisisekelo6.Emhlabeni wonke, i-LTE isebenzisa imvamisa engu-3 ehlukene ye-LTE0 isevisi yeselula engu-70 ehlukene I-MHz, efaka amabhendi angu-900 no-1800 MHz nawo asetshenziswa ku-GSM.
Amandla okuchayeka kwe-RF okuthikameza izinqubo zebhayoloji anqunywa izinga elithile lokumunca (SAR) elivezwe ku-W/kg, elikala amandla amuncwa esicutshini sebhayoloji. Imiphumela yokuchayeka okunamandla kwemizuzu engama-30 ekhanda kumasiginali we-2.573 GHz LTE kumsebenzi wenethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke ye-neuronal isanda kuhlolwa kumavolontiya abantu abanempilo. ukuguquguquka kwemvamisa nokuguqulwa ekuxhumekeni kwangaphakathi noma kwangaphakathi kwesifunda, kuyilapho amazinga aphezulu e-SAR esilinganiso sendawo alinganiselwa ngaphezu kwe-10 g yezicubu alinganiselwa ukuthi ahluka phakathi kuka-0.42 no-1.52 W/ kg, ngokwezihloko 7, 8, 9.EEG ukuhlaziya ngaphansi kwezimo zokuchayeka ezifanayo (30 min ubude besikhathi, kg elilinganiselwe izinga eliphakeme le-34 elimele imodeli ye-SAR) amandla e-spectral kanye nokuhlangana kwe-hemispheric kumabhendi e-alpha ne-beta.Nokho, ezinye izifundo ezimbili ezisekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwe-EEG zathola ukuthi imizuzu engu-20 noma engu-30 yokuchayeka kwekhanda le-LTE, namazinga aphezulu e-SAR endawo abekwe cishe ku-2 W/kg, angenawo umphumela obonakalayo11 noma okubangele amandla e-spectral ku-alpha band yehla, kuyilapho i-Strong test ingashintshile .Umehluko obalulekile waphinde watholakala emiphumeleni ye-EEG noma izifundo zokuqonda ngokuqondene ngqo nemiphumela yokuchayeka kwe-GSM noma ye-UMTS EMF.Kucatshangwa ukuthi zivela ekuhlukeni kwendlela yokuklama kanye nemingcele yokuhlola, okuhlanganisa uhlobo lwesignali nokuguquguquka, ukuqina kokuchayeka nobude besikhathi, noma kusukela ekuhlukeni ezifundweni zabantu ngokuphathelene nobudala, noma ubulili.
Kuze kube manje, kusetshenziswe izifundo ezimbalwa zezilwane ukuze kutholwe ukuthi ukuchayeka ekuboniseni i-LTE kuwuthinta kanjani umsebenzi wobuchopho.Kusanda kubikwa ukuthi ukuchayeka okuhlelekile kwamagundane athuthukayo kusukela esigabeni se-embryonic sekwephuzile ukuya ekulunyulweni (30 min/day, 5 days/veke, with a mean whole body SAR ye-0.5 noma 1 W/kg) kubangele ukuguqulwa kwemoto kanye ne-appetated perpeate12. usuku lwamaviki e-6) kumagundane amadala atholakala ukuthi afake ukucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative futhi anciphise ubukhulu bezinto ezibonakalayo ezikhishwayo ezitholakala ku-optic nerve, ne-SAR ephezulu elinganiselwa ukuthi iphansi njenge-10 mW / kg15.
Ngokungeziwe ekuhlaziyweni ezikalini eziningi, okuhlanganisa amazinga eselula namangqamuzana, amamodeli wamagundane angasetshenziswa ukutadisha imiphumela yokuchayeka kwe-RF ngesikhathi sokugula, njengoba kugxilwe ngaphambilini ku-GSM noma i-WCDMA/3G UMTS EMF kumongo we-acute neuroinflammation. Ucwaningo lubonise imiphumela yokuquleka, izifo ze-neurodeergenerative noma i-gliomas 16,17,18,19,20.
Amagundane ajovwe nge-Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ayimodeli ye-preclinical yakudala yezimpendulo ezibukhali ze-neuroinflammatory ezihambisana nezifo ezithathelwanayo ezibangelwa amagciwane noma amagciwane athinta iningi labantu unyaka ngamunye.Lesi simo sokuvuvukala siholela esifweni esibuyiselwayo kanye nesifo sokuziphatha esicindezelayo esibonakala ngemfiva, ukulahlekelwa ukudla, kanye nokunciphisa umphumela obalulekile we-CNS wamangqamuzana ama-microorganisms anjalo. impendulo ye-neuroinflammatory.Ukwelashwa kwamagundane nge-LPS kubangela kusebenze i-microglia ebonakala ngokulungiswa kabusha kokuma kwazo nezinqubo zamaselula kanye nezinguquko ezijulile kuphrofayela ye-transcriptome, okuhlanganisa ukulawulwa kofuzo olufaka ikhodi yama-cytokines noma ama-enzyme ane-pro-inflammatory, athinta amanethiwekhi we-neuronal Imisebenzi 22, 23, 24.
Sifunda imiphumela yokuchayeka kwekhanda elilodwa lehora le-2 ku-GSM-1800 MHz EMF kumagundane alashwe yi-LPS, sithole ukuthi ukusayinwa kwe-GSM kubangela izimpendulo zamaselula ku-cerebral cortex, okuthinta ukubonakaliswa kofuzo, i-glutamate receptor phosphorylation, i-neuronal Meta-evoked firing kanye ne-inmorphebral the morphology yayingeyona imiphumela ye-microreglial ye-microreglial. kutholwe kumagundane anempilo athole ukuchayeka kwe-GSM okufanayo, okuphakamisa ukuthi isimo se-neuroinflammatory esiqalwe yi-LPS sizwela amaseli e-CNS kusignali ye-GSM.Ukugxila ku-cortex yokuzwa (ACx) yamagundane aphethwe yi-LPS, lapho i-SAR yendawo ilinganiselwa ku-1.55 W/kg, sabona ukuthi ukuchayeka kwe-GSM kubangele ukusabela kwe-GSM ku-neuroglial nokwandisa ubude begatsha noma ukuncipha kwezinqubo ze-neuroglinal nokwandisa ubude begatsha le-neuroglinal. evuswa amathoni amsulwa kanye .Ukukhuthazwa Kwemvelo 28.
Ocwaningweni lwamanje, sihlose ukuhlola ukuthi ukuchayeka kwekhanda kuphela kumasiginali we-LTE-1800 MHz kungase futhi kuguqule i-microglial morphology kanye nomsebenzi we-neuronal ku-ACx, ukunciphisa amandla okuchayeka ngokuphindwe kabili kwezintathu. 0.5 W/kg.
Njengoba kunikezwe ubufakazi bangaphambilini bokuthi ukuchayeka ku-GSM-1800 MHz kuguqule i-microglial morphology ngaphansi kwezimo ezikhuthaza ukuvuvukala, siphenye lo mphumela ngemva kokuchayeka ekusayineni kwe-LTE.
Amagundane abantu abadala ajovwe nge-LPS amahora angu-24 ngaphambi kokuchayeka kwe-sham ekhanda kuphela noma ukuchayeka ku-LTE-1800 MHz. Lapho evezwa, izimpendulo ze-LPS ezibangelwa i-neuroinflammatory zasungulwa ku-cortex ye-cerebral, njengoba kuboniswe ngokulawulwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezivuthayo kanye nezinguquko ku-cortical microglia morphology (I-Figure yamandla etholakala ku-1) I-Figure evezwe yi-LPS edalulwa yi-headset ye-SAR. Izinga lika-0.5 W/kg ku-ACx (Umfanekiso 2). Ukuze sinqume ukuthi i-microglia ecushwe i-LPS yayisabela yini ku-LTE EMF, sihlaziye izingxenye ze-cortical ezingcoliswe i-anti-Iba1 ekhethe ukukhetha kulawa maseli.Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3a, ezigabeni ze-ACx ezibekwe uphawu lwe-shaposure e-3 kuya ku-4 amahora afanayo, i-ex . I-"dense-like" cell morphology ekhishwe ukwelashwa kwe-LPS pro-inflammatory (Umfanekiso 1) .Ngokuvumelana nokungabikho kwezimpendulo ze-morphological, ukuhlaziywa kwesithombe sobuningi kwembula ukuthi akukho mehluko obalulekile endaweni ephelele (i-t-test engabhangqiwe, p = 0.308) noma indawo (p = 0.196) kanye nokuminyana (p = 1) ukuqhathanisa nokungatholakali kwe-immune ku-0. Imizimba yeseli enamabala angu-1 kumagundane e-LTE ngokumelene nezilwane ezivezwe nge-sham (Fig. 3b-d).
Imiphumela ye-LPS ip injection ku-cortical microglia morphology.Umbono omele we-microglia esigabeni se-coronal cortex ye-cerebral (isifunda se-dorsomedial) amahora angu-24 ngemva komjovo we-intraperitoneal we-LPS noma imoto (ukulawula) kwenyusa amagatsha esibili amafushane ezinqubo zamaselula, okuholela ekubukekeni "okuminyene".Ibha yesikali: 20 µm.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-dosimetric kwezinga elithile lokumunca (SAR) ebuchosheni begundane ngesikhathi sokuchayeka ku-1800 MHz LTE.A ngaphambilini echazwe imodeli ehlukile ye-phantom rat kanye ne-loop antenna62 yasetshenziswa ukuze kuhlolwe i-SAR yendawo ebuchosheni, ngegridi engu-0.5 mm3 cubic.(a) Ukubuka komhlaba wonke kwemodeli yegundane elinesilungiselelo segundane elivela phezulu ne-antenna yensimbi iphedi (ophuzi) ngezansi komzimba.(b) Ukusatshalaliswa kwamanani e-SAR ebuchosheni bomuntu omdala ngo-0.5 mm3 ukulungiswa kwendawo.Indawo ehlukaniswe uhlaka olumnyama esigabeni se-sagittal ihambisana ne-primary auditory cortex lapho kuhlaziywa khona umsebenzi we-microglial kanye ne-neuronal.
I-microglia ejovwe yi-LPS ku-cortex yomsindo wegundane elandela ukuchayeka kwe-LTE noma i-Sham.(a) Ukubuka okumelayo okustakiwe kwe-microglia egcotshwe nge-anti-Iba1 antibody ezigabeni ze-coronal ze-LPS-perfused rat auditory rat 3 kuya kumahora angu-4 ngemva kokuchayeka kwe-Sham noma kwe-LTE (ukuchayeka:20bdµi-barometric). ukuhlolwa kwe-microglia emahoreni angu-3 kuya kwangu-4 ngemva kwe-sham (amachashazi avulekile) noma ukuvezwa kwe-LTE (okuchaziwe, amachashazi amnyama).(b, c) Ukumbozwa kwendawo (b) ye-microglia marker Iba1 kanye nezindawo zamaseli e-Iba1-positive cell body (c).Idatha imelela indawo engcolile ye-anti-Iba1 ejwayele ukuncishiswa kusukela ezilwaneni eziphikisana ne-Sham-exposed) ezihlanjululwe eziyi-1. imizimba.Umehluko phakathi kwezilwane ze-Sham (n = 5) kanye ne-LTE (n = 6) ubungabalulekile (p > 0.05, i-t-test engabhanqiwe).Iphezulu nangaphansi kwebhokisi, imigqa engenhla nengezansi imele iphesenti yama-25-75 kanye nephesenti elingu-5-95, ngokulandelana.Inani lesilinganiso limakwe ngokubomvu.
Ithebula 1 lifingqa izinombolo zezilwane nokurekhodwa kwamayunithi amaningi atholwe ku-primary auditory cortex yamaqembu amane amagundane (Sham, Exposed, Sham-LPS, Exposed-LPS).Emiphumeleni engezansi, sifaka konke okurekhodiwe okubonisa inkambu ebalulekile yokwamukela yesikhashana (i-STRF), okungukuthi, izimpendulo eziphakanyisiwe zethoni eziphakeme kakhulu kune-6 1).Sisebenzisa lo mbandela, sikhethe amarekhodi angu-266 eqembu le-Sham, amarekhodi angu-273 eqembu Elidaluliwe, amarekhodi angu-299 eqembu le-Sham-LPS, kanye namarekhodi angu-295 eqembu Le-Exposed-LPS.
Ezigabeni ezilandelayo, sizoqale sichaze amapharamitha akhishwe kumkhakha wokwamukela we-spectral-temporal (okungukuthi, impendulo kumathoni ahlanzekile) kanye nokuphendula kuphimbo elithile le-xenogeneic. Sizobe sesichaza ubuningi bendawo yokuphendula imvamisa etholwe eqenjini ngalinye. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuba khona "kwedatha yesidleke"30 ekuhlaziyweni okusekelwe kunombolo yethu yokuhlola inombolo ye-electrotic yenziwa ihlaziywa amalungu afanayo (umugqa wokugcina kuThebula 1), kodwa yonke imiphumela echazwe ngezansi nayo isekelwe enanini lezikhundla eqenjini ngalinye. Isamba senani lokurekhodwa kwamayunithi amaningi aqoqiwe (umugqa wesithathu kuThebula 1).
Umfanekiso we-4a ubonisa ukusabalalisa kwemvamisa okuhle kakhulu (i-BF, ecela impendulo ephezulu ku-75 dB SPL) ye-neurons ye-cortical etholwe ku-LPS-treat Sham kanye nezilwane eziveziwe.Ibanga lemvamisa ye-BF kuwo womabili amaqembu lanwetshwa kusuka ku-1 kHz kuya ku-36 kHz. kungenziwa ngaphandle kokukhetha amasampula.
Imithelela yokuchayeka kwe-LTE kumapharamitha anenani wempendulo ye-cortical ezilwaneni ezilashwe i-LPS.(a) Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-BF kuma-cortical neurons ezilwane ezilashwe i-LPS ezichayeke ku-LTE (ezimnyama) kanye ne-sham echayeke ku-LTE (emhlophe).Awukho umehluko phakathi kwalokhu kusatshalaliswa okubili.(bf) Umthelela wokuchayeka kwe-LTE ku-Temporal field parameters receptor (STRF) .Amandla okuphendula ancishiswe kakhulu (*p <0.05, i-t-test engabhangqiwe) kuwo wonke ama-STRF (amandla okuphendula aphelele) namafrikhwensi alungile (b,c).Ubude besikhathi sokuphendula, umkhawulokudonsa wokuphendula, kanye nomkhawulokudonsa ongaguquki (df).Kokubili amandla nokuthembeka kwesikhashana kwezimpendulo kumazwi kwakuncishisiwe kakhulu (g, (i-i) umsebenzi wehlisiwe (g, (i-i) . 0.05, i-t-test engabhanqiwe).(j,k) Imithelela yokuchayeka kwe-LTE kuma-cortical thresholds.Ama-threshold amaphakathi ayephezulu kakhulu kumagundane avele e-LTE uma kuqhathaniswa namagundane adalulwe i-sham.Lo mthelela ubonakala kakhulu kumafrikhwensi aphansi naphakathi.
Izibalo ze-4b-f zibonisa ukusatshalaliswa kwemingcele etholakala ku-STRF yalezi zilwane (isho imigqa ebomvu) .Imiphumela yokuvezwa kwe-LTE ezilwaneni eziphathwa nge-LPS ibonakala ikhombisa ukwehla kwe-neuronal excitability.Okokuqala, ubukhulu bokuphendula kanye nezimpendulo zaziphansi kakhulu ku-BF uma kuqhathaniswa nezilwane ze-Sham-LPS (I-Fig. 4b, p0 = 0 p. =. Izilwane eziphathwa nge-LPS (Fig. 4d-f), okubonisa ukuthi ukukhetha kwemvamisa nokunemba kwezimpendulo zokuqala akuzange kuthinteke ukuchayeka kwe-LTE ezilwaneni eziphathwa nge-LPS.
Ngokulandelayo sihlole ukuthi ingabe imingcele ye-cortical yethoni emsulwa ishintshiwe ngokuchayeka kwe-LTE.Kusukela endaweni yokuphendula imvamisa (i-FRA) etholwe ekurekhodweni ngakunye, sinqume imibundu yokuzwa yefrikhwensi ngayinye futhi salinganisa le mibundu yawo womabili amaqembu ezilwane.Umdwebo 4j ubonisa isilinganiso (± sem) imikhawulo ukusuka ku-36PS kuya ku-rank . Imikhawulo yokuzwa yeqembu le-Sham kanye ne-Exposed ibonise ukwanda okukhulu kwemingcele ezilwaneni eziveziwe uma kuqhathaniswa nezilwane ze-Sham (Fig. 4j), umphumela owawuzwakala kakhulu kuma-frequencies aphansi naphakathi. yehla (chi-square = 43.85; p <0.0001; Umfanekiso 4k, Umfanekiso wesokunxele). Umphumela ofanayo ubonwe kuma-mid-frequency (2.25
Imithelela yokuchayeka kwe-LTE kumapharamitha anenani wezimpendulo zekhorali ezilwaneni ezinempilo.(a) Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-BF kuma-neurons e-cortical yezilwane ezinempilo ezivezwe ku-LTE (blue blue) kanye ne-sham-echayeke ku-LTE (okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka). Awukho umehluko phakathi kokusatshalaliswa okubili.(bf) Umthelela wokuchayeka kwe-LTE kumapharamitha wokulinganisa kwakungekho ukulinganisa okubalulekile kwe-STRF ebonisa ukulinganisa. amandla okuphendula kuyo yonke i-STRF namafrikhwensi alungile (b,c).Kunokwenyuka okuncane esikhathini sokuphendula (d), kodwa alukho ushintsho kumkhawulokudonsa wokuphendula kanye nomkhawulokudonsa (e, f).Amandla noma ukwethembeka kwesikhashana kwezimpendulo zophimbo kushintshile (g, h).Alukho ushintsho olubalulekile emsebenzini ozenzakalelayo (ed) (i) (i) t (i) (i) t (i) (i) t (i) (i) t (i) . Imithelela yokuchayeka kwe-LTE ku-cortical thresholds.Ngokwesilinganiso, ama-threshold awazange ashintshwe kakhulu kumagundane avele e-LTE uma kuqhathaniswa namagundane achayeke e-Sham, kodwa imikhawulo ephezulu yokuvama ibe ngaphansi kancane ezilwaneni eziveziwe.
Izibalo ezingu-5b-f zibonisa ama-boxplots amele ukusatshalaliswa kanye nencazelo (umugqa obomvu) wamapharamitha athathwe kumasethi amabili e-STRF.Ezilwaneni ezinempilo, ukuchayeka kwe-LTE ngokwako kube nomthelela omncane enanini elivamile lamapharamitha e-STRF.Uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu le-Sham (amabhokisi aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka akhanyayo vs amnyama eqembu eliveziwe), ukuchayeka kwe-LTE akuzange kuguqule noma yiliphi inani le-5b impendulo; i-t-test engabhangqiwe, p = 0.2176, kanye ne-p = 0.8696 ngokulandelana).Kwakungekho futhi umthelela kumkhawulokudonsa we-spectral kanye ne-latency (p = 0.6764 kanye ne-p = 0.7129, ngokulandelana), kodwa kwakukhona ukwanda okuphawulekayo ubude besikhathi sokuphendula (p = 0.047).Kwakungekho futhi umphumela we-5 g. 0.4375), ukwethembeka kwe-inter-trial yalezi zimpendulo (Fig. 5h, p = 0.3412), nomsebenzi ozenzakalelayo (Fig. 5) .5i; p = 0.3256).
Umfanekiso we-5j ubonisa izilinganiso (± sem) kusuka ku-1.1 kuya ku-36 kHz kumagundane anempilo.Awuzange ubonise umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamagundane angama-sham namagundane avuliwe, ngaphandle komkhawulo ophansi kancane ezilwaneni eziveziwe kuma-frequency aphezulu (11-36 kHz) (ukuhlolwa kwe-t okungabhangqiwe, p = 3 iqiniso lokuthi lezi zilwane zivezwa, 008). (chi-square = 18.312, p = 0.001; Fig. 5k), kwakukhona ama-neurons athe xaxa anemibundu ephansi naphakathi (ngenkathi ama-threshold aphezulu) ama-neurons ambalwa).
Ekuphetheni, lapho izilwane ezinempilo zivezwe ku-LTE, kwakungekho mphumela emandleni okuphendula kumathoni ahlanzekile kanye nemisindo eyinkimbinkimbi efana nokuphimisela.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezilwaneni ezinempilo, imingcele ye-cortical auditory yayifana phakathi kwezilwane eziveziwe kanye ne-sham, kanti ezilwaneni eziphathwa nge-LPS, ukuchayeka kwe-LTE kubangele ukwanda okukhulu kwe-cortical infrequency kanye nobubanzi obuphakathi, ikakhulukazi i-cortical infrequency.
Ucwaningo lwethu lubonise ukuthi kumagundane amaduna amadala abhekene ne-neuroinflammation ebukhali, ukuchayeka ku-LTE-1800 MHz nge-SARACx yendawo engu-0.5 W/kg (bona Izindlela) kubangele ukuncipha okuphawulekayo kwezimpendulo ezikhishwa umsindo ekurekhodweni okuyinhloko kokuxhumana.Lezi zinguquko kumsebenzi we-neuronal zenzeka ngaphandle kwesilinganiso esibonakalayo soshintsho lwe-spaglial. I-LTE ngokuqina kwezimpendulo ze-cortical evoked ayizange ibonwe kumagundane anempilo.Kucatshangelwa ukufana kokusatshalaliswa kwemvamisa elungile phakathi kwamayunithi okurekhoda ku-LTE-eveziwe nezilwane ezivezwe nge-sham, umehluko wokusebenza kabusha kwe-neuronal ungabalelwa emiphumeleni yebhayoloji yezimpawu ze-LTE esikhundleni sokukhetha amasampula (Fig. 4a more response inspect of the late bandwidth inspective Fur). Amagundane adalulwe yi-LTE aphakamisa ukuthi, kungenzeka kakhulu, lokhu okurekhodiwe kwenziwe isampula kusukela kungqimba efanayo yekhorotiki, etholakala ku-ACx eyinhloko kunezifunda zesibili.
Ngolwazi lwethu, umphumela wokusayinda i-LTE ezimpendulweni ze-neuronal awuzange ubikwe ngaphambili.Nokho, izifundo zangaphambilini zibhale ikhono le-GSM-1800 MHz noma i-1800 MHz continuous wave (CW) lokushintsha i-neuronal excitability, nakuba kunomehluko ophawulekayo kuye ngendlela yokuhlola.Ngokushesha ngemva kokuchayeka ku-SARS 1800 2MHz izinga le-WK8 / CW. I-snail ganglia ibonise imikhawulo encishisiwe yokubangela amandla esenzo kanye nokuguqulwa kwe-neuronal. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umsebenzi we-spiking kanye nokuqhuma emasikweni ayisisekelo e-neuronal atholakala ebuchosheni begundane kwehliswe ngokuchayeka ku-GSM-1800 MHz noma 1800 MHz CW imizuzu engu-15 ku-SARkg ye-SARkg ye-4. yokuchayeka.Ukuthuliswa okuphelele kwama-neurons kwafinyelelwa ku-SAR ye-9.2 W/kg.Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Dose-response kubonise ukuthi i-GSM-1800 MHz yayisebenza kangcono kune-1800 MHz CW ekucindezeleni umsebenzi wokuqhuma, okuphakamisa ukuthi izimpendulo ze-neuronal zincike ekushintsheni kwesignali ye-RF.
Esimisweni sethu, izimpendulo eziphakanyisiwe ze-cortical ziqoqwe ku-vivo 3 kuya emahoreni angu-6 ngemva kokuphela kwehora le-2 lokuchayeka kwekhanda kuphela.Ocwaningweni lwangaphambilini, siphenye umphumela we-GSM-1800 MHz ku-SARACx ye-1.55 W / kg futhi asitholanga mphumela obalulekile ekuphenduleni kwe-cortical ekhishwe umsindo ku-rats enempilo kuphela eveza umphumela obalulekile we-rats enempilo. I-LTE-1800 ku-0.5 W/kg I-SARACx yayiwukunyuka okuncane ngesikhathi sokuphendula lapho kwethulwa amathoni ahlanzekile.Lo mphumela unzima ukuwuchaza ngoba awuhambisani nokwanda kokuphendula okunamandla, okusikisela ukuthi lesi sikhathi sokuphendula eside senzeka ngenani eliphelele elifanayo lezenzo ezingase ziqhunyiswe ama-neurons e-cortical.Incazelo eyodwa ye-interposure ye-interposure ethile ingase inciphise umsebenzi we-L. kubhalwe ukuthi ekuvinjweni okuyisisekelo kwe-ACx feedforward kulawula ubude besikhathi sokuphendula kweseli ye-pyramidal eqalwa ukufakwa kwe-thalamic ejabulisayo33,34, 35, 36, 37.
Ngokuphambene, kumagundane angaphansi kwe-LPS-triggered neuroinflammation, ukuchayeka kwe-LTE akuzange kube nomthelela ngesikhathi sokudubula kwe-neuronal ekhishwe umsindo, kodwa imiphumela ebalulekile yatholwa emandleni ezimpendulo eziphakanyisiwe. waqaphela kokubili lapho wethula amathoni amsulwa kanye nokuphimisa kwemvelo .Ukuncipha kokuqina kwempendulo kumathoni ahlanzekile kwenzeke ngaphandle kokuncishiswa komkhawulokudonsa we-spectral tuning we-75 dB, futhi njengoba yenzeka ngawo wonke amandla omsindo, kubangele ukwanda kwemikhawulo ye-acoustic yama-neurons ekholamu kumafrikhwensi aphansi naphakathi.
Ukwehliswa kwamandla okuphendula aphakanyisiwe kubonise ukuthi umphumela wokubonisa i-LTE ku-SARACx ye-0.5 W/kg ezilwaneni eziphathwe nge-LPS wawufana nowe-GSM-1800 MHz esetshenziswe ngokuphindwe kathathu i-SARACx (1.55 W/kg) 28 .Mayelana nokusayina kwe-GSM, ukuvezwa kwekhanda ku-LTE-1800 ye-neurorat ye-ACcita i-neurora I-LPS-triggered neuroinflammation.Ngokuvumelana nale mbono, siphinde sabona umkhuba wokunciphisa ukuthembeka kwesilingo sezimpendulo ze-neuronal ekukhulumeni kwezwi (I-Fig. 4h) nokunciphisa umsebenzi ozenzakalelayo (Fig. 4i) .Nokho, kuye kwaba nzima ukucacisa ku-vivo ukuthi ukusayinda kwe-LTE kunciphisa i-neuronal intrinsic excitability noma kunciphisa ukulawulwa kwe-neuronal intrinsic excitability, lapho kunciphisa ukulawulwa kwe-synthetic neuronal.
Okokuqala, lezi zimpendulo ezibuthakathaka zingase zibe ngenxa yenjabulo encishisiwe ngaphakathi kwamaseli e-cortical ngemva kokuchayeka ku-LTE 1800 MHz. Isekela lo mbono, i-GSM-1800 MHz kanye ne-1800 MHz-CW inciphise umsebenzi wokuqhuma lapho isetshenziswa ngokuqondile kumasiko ayisisekelo we-cortical rat neurons namazinga e-SAR we-3.4. Izinga le-SAR lalidingeka ukuze kwehliswe kakhulu umsebenzi wokuqhuma. Ukukhuthaza ukuncishiswa kwenjabulo yangaphakathi, siphinde sabona amazinga aphansi okudubula okuzenzakalelayo ezilwaneni eziveziwe kunasezilwaneni ezichayekile.
Okwesibili, ukuchayeka kwe-LTE kungase futhi kuthinte ukudluliswa kwe-synaptic kusuka ku-thalamo-cortical noma i-cortical-cortical synapses.Amarekhodi amaningi manje abonisa ukuthi, ku-cortex yokuzwa, ububanzi be-spectral tuning abunqunywa kuphela ama-afferent thalamic projections, kodwa ukuthi ukuxhumana kwe-intracortical kunikeza okokufaka kwe-spectral eyengeziwe ku-corstical ama-STRF amasayithi afana ne-40,39. umkhawulokudonsa ezilwaneni ezidaluliwe nezidalulwe ngomgunyathi uphakamise ngokungaqondile ukuthi imithelela yokuchayeka kwe-LTE yayingeyona imithelela ekuxhumekeni kwe-cortical-cortical.Lokhu kuphinde kuphakamise ukuthi ukuxhumana okuphezulu kwezinye izifunda ze-cortical kudalulwe ku-SAR kunalokho okukalwe ku-ACx (Fig. 2) kungase kungabi nesibopho sezimpendulo eziguquliwe ezibikwe lapha.
Lapha, ingxenye enkulu yokurekhodwa kwekhoroksi eveziwe ye-LPS ibonise imingcele ephezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezilwane ezivezwe ze-LPS-sham. Njengoba kuhlongozwe ukuthi umkhawulo we-cortical acoustic ulawulwa ngokuyinhloko ngamandla e-thalamo-cortical synapse39,40, kungasolakala ukuthi i-exposured transiction, noma i-pretransmission encishisiwe. ukukhululwa kwe-glutamate) noma izinga le-postsynaptic (inombolo ye-receptor encishisiwe noma ukuhambisana).
Ngokufanayo nemiphumela ye-GSM-1800 MHz, izimpendulo ze-LTE ezishintshiwe ze-neuronal zenzeka kumongo we-LPS-triggered neuroinflammation, ebonakala ngezimpendulo ezincane. nciphisa i-neurotransmission, kodwa futhi ekuhambeni okuphezulu kwezinqubo zabo zamaselula.Ku-cortex ye-cerebral, kokubili ukwanda nokuncipha komsebenzi wamanethiwekhi we-neuronal kubangela ukwanda okusheshayo kwesizinda se-microglial spatial ngenxa yokukhula kwezinqubo ze-microglial44,45.Ikakhulukazi, ama-microglial protrusions abuthwa eduze kwe-activated thalamocortical synapses in the synapses synapses ukukhiqizwa kwe-adenosine yendawo ye-microglia.
Kumagundane alashwe nge-LPS ahanjiswe ku-GSM-1800 MHz ne-SARACx ku-1.55 W/kg, ukuncipha komsebenzi we-ACx neurons kwenzeka ngokukhula kwezinqubo ze-microglial ezimakwe izindawo ezibalulekile ze-Iba1-stained ku-ACx28 Increase.Lokhu kubheka kusikisela ukuthi ukulungiswa kabusha kwe-microglial okubangelwa ukuvezwa komsindo okusebenzayo kwe-GlySM kungabangela kabusha i-GlySM ekuvezweni kwe-Glym izimpendulo ze-neuronal.Ucwaningo lwethu lwamanje luphikisana nalokhu kucatshangelwa kumongo wokuvezwa kwekhanda le-LTE nge-SARACx ekhawulelwe ku-0.5 W / kg, njengoba asitholanga ukwanda kwesizinda sendawo ehlanganiswe nezinqubo ze-microglial.Nokho, lokhu akusho ukuthi yikuphi umphumela wokusayinwa kwe-LTE ku-microglia ecushiwe ye-LPS, okungase kuthinteke lo mbuzo we-neuronal odingekayo ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo we-neuronal odingekayo ukuze unqume ukuthi yiziphi izifundo ze-neuronal ezidingekayo. i-neuroinflammation ishintsha izimpendulo ze-neuronal ekusayineni kwe-LTE.
Ngolwazi lwethu, umphumela wezibonakaliso ze-LTE ekucubungulweni kokuzwa awuzange ufundwe ngaphambili.Izifundo zethu zangaphambilini ze-26,28 kanye nocwaningo lwamanje lubonise ukuthi esimweni sokuvuvukala okunamandla, ukuvezwa kwekhanda kuphela ku-GSM-1800 MHz noma i-LTE-1800 MHz kubangele ukuguqulwa kokusebenza kwezimpendulo ze-neuronal ku-ACx, njengoba kuboniswe yizizathu ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuzwa, ngoba akufanele kuthinteke ukwanda kokuzwa kwe-coch. ngokuchayeka kwethu kwe-LTE.Okokuqala, njengoba kuboniswe ocwaningweni lwe-dosimetry oluboniswe ku-Figure 2, amazinga aphakeme kakhulu e-SAR (eduze ne-1 W/kg) atholakala ku-dorsomedial cortex (ngezansi kwe-antenna), futhi ancipha kakhulu njengoba umuntu ehamba kancane kancane nangemuva.Ingxenye ye-ventral yekhanda. indlebe yezindlebe).Okwesibili, lapho izindlebe ze-Guinea pig zivezwe izinyanga ezingu-2 ku-GSM 900 MHz (izinsuku ezingu-5/isonto, ihora elingu-1/usuku, i-SAR phakathi kuka-1 no-4 W/kg), azikho izinguquko ezitholakalayo kubukhulu bomkhiqizo wokuhlanekezela i-otoacoustic Thresholds for Emission and Auditorystherresporesure toSMF Responseur Expomore 4 Responseur Brainstem,7. I-900 noma i-1800 MHz ku-SAR yendawo engu-2 W/kg ayizange ibe nomthelela ekusebenzeni kweseli lezinwele zangaphandle kumagundane anempilo48,49.Le miphumela ifana nedatha etholwe kubantu, lapho uphenyo lubonise ukuthi ukuchayeka kwemizuzu eyi-10 kuya kwengama-30 ku-EMF kusuka kumakhalekhukhwini we-GSM akunawo umthelela ongaguquki ekucubunguleni kokuzwa, i-51ar izinga53,54 .
Esicwaningweni sethu, izinguquko zokudubula kwe-neuronal ezibangelwa i-LTE zabonwa ku-vivo 3 kuya emahoreni angu-6 ngemva kokuphela kokuchayeka.Ocwaningweni lwangaphambilini engxenyeni ye-dorsomedial ye-cortex, imiphumela eminingana eyenziwe yi-GSM-1800 MHz ebonwe emahoreni angu-24 ngemva kokuchayeka ayizange ibonakale emahoreni angu-72 ngemva kokuchayeka. ukuguqulwa kofuzo kanye nangemuva kokuhumusha kwama-receptors e-AMPA. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi i-cortex yokuzwa inenani eliphansi le-SAR (0.5W/kg) kunesifunda se-dorsomedial (2.94W/kg26), izinguquko kumsebenzi we-neuronal okubikwe lapha zibonakala zidlula.
Idatha yethu kufanele icabangele imikhawulo efanelekile ye-SAR kanye nezilinganiso zamanani angempela e-SAR afinyelelwe ku-cerebral cortex yabasebenzisi bamaselula. Amazinga amanje asetshenziswa ukuvikela umphakathi abeka umkhawulo we-SAR ube ngu-2 W/kg ngokuchayeka kwekhanda noma kwe-torso kumaza omsakazo ku-100 GHz no-6 kHz.
Ukulingisa umthamo kwenziwe kusetshenziswa amamodeli ahlukene ekhanda lomuntu ukuze kunqunywe ukumuncwa kwamandla e-RF ezicutshini ezihlukene zekhanda ngesikhathi sokuxhumana kwekhanda elivamile noma ngomakhalekhukhwini. Ngaphezu kokuhlukahluka kwamamodeli ekhanda lomuntu, lezi zifaniso zigqamisa umehluko omkhulu noma ukungaqiniseki ekulinganiseni amandla amuncwa ubuchopho ngokusekelwe kumingcele ye-anatomical noma ye-histological efana nokuqukethwe kwamanzi okungaphandle noma okungaphakathi, ukujiya okuhlukene kwekhanda, ukujiya okuhlukene noma ukuhlukahluka kwekhanda lesikhumba. ngokweminyaka, ubulili, noma umuntu 56,57,58. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izici zikamakhalekhukhwini, njengendawo yangaphakathi yothi kanye nendawo yeselula uma kuqhathaniswa nekhanda lomsebenzisi, kunethonya elinamandla izinga nokusatshalaliswa kwamanani e-SAR ku-cerebral cortex59,60. amafrikhwensi ebangeni le-1800 MHz58, 59, 60, kubonakala sengathi amazinga e-SAR afinyelelwe ku-cortex yokuzwa komuntu asasetshenziswa ngaphansi kwengxenye ye-human cerebral cortex. Ucwaningo lwethu (SARACx 0.5 W/kg).
Ekuphetheni, ucwaningo lwethu lubonisa ukuthi ukuchayeka okukodwa kwekhanda kuphela ku-LTE-1800 MHz kuphazamisa impendulo ye-neuronal ye-cortical neurons ekushukumiseni kwezinzwa.Ngokuvumelana nezimpawu zangaphambilini zemiphumela yokusayina kwe-GSM, imiphumela yethu iphakamisa ukuthi imiphumela yesignali ye-LTE kumsebenzi we-neuronal iyahlukahluka ngesimo sezempilo.Acute neuroinflammation,8000MHz neurons to sensize LTE ukucubungula okushintshiwe kwe-cortical of stimuli yokuzwa.
Idatha yaqoqwa ngezinsuku ezingu-55 kusukela ku-cerebral cortex yamagundane angama-Wistar angama-31 amadala atholakala elabhorethri yase-Janvier. Amagundane ahlaliswa endaweni enomswakamo (50-55%) kanye nezinga lokushisa (22-24 ° C) elilawulwayo elinomjikelezo wokukhanya/omnyama we-12 h/12 h (izibani zamahhala ezitholakala ku-30am zikhanyisa ngo-7 ekuseni). ngokuvumelana neziqondiso ezisungulwe yi-Council of the European Communities Directive (2010/63/EU Council Directive), efana naleyo echazwe ku-Society for Neuroscience Guidelines for the Use of Animals in Neuroscience Research.Le protocol yavunywa I-Ethics Committee Paris-Sud and Centre (CEEA N°59, Project 2014-20 evumelekile Protocols 2020, National Protocol20) leli komiti 32-2011 kanye 34-2012.
Izilwane bezijwayele ukuhlala emagumbini okungenani isonto elingu-1 ngaphambi kokwelashwa kwe-LPS kanye nokuchayeka (noma ukuchayeka ngomgunyathi) ku-LTE-EMF.
Amagundane angamashumi amabili nambili ajovwe nge-intraperitoneally (ip) nge-E. coli LPS (250 µg/kg, i-serotype 0127:B8, SIGMA) ehlanjululwe ngosawoti we-isotonic ongenayo i-endotoxin-free amahora angu-24 ngaphambi kwe-LTE noma ukuchayeka komgunyathi (n ngeqembu ngalinye). = 11) .Kumagundane wesilisa ase-Wistar anezinyanga ezingu-2, lokhu kwelashwa kwe-LPS kuveza impendulo ye-neuroinflammatory ephawulwe ku-cortex ye-cerebral ngamajeni amaningana e-pro-inflammatory (i-tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 1ß, CCL2, NOX2, NOS2) yayilawulwa phezulu-i-24 amahora emva kwe-24-injection, i-24 fold-injection . imibhalo efaka ikhodi ye-enzyme ye-NOX2 kanye ne-interleukin 1ß, ngokulandelanayo.Kuleli phuzu lesikhathi se-24-h, i-cortical microglia ibonise i-morphology yeseli "eminyene" elindeleke ukwenziwa kusebenze okuvuvukalayo kwamaseli okubangelwa yi-LPS (Umfanekiso 1), okuphambene nokusebenza okucushwe yi-LPS ngabanye. Ukwenza kusebenze ukuvuvukala kwamaselula kuhambelana no-24, 61.
Ukuchayeka kwekhanda kuphela ku-LTE EMF kwenziwa kusetshenziswa ukusetha kokuhlola okusetshenziswe ngaphambilini ukuhlola umphumela we-GSM EMF26.LTE ukuchayeka kwenziwa amahora angu-24 ngemva kokujova i-LPS (izilwane ezingu-11) noma kungekho ukwelashwa kwe-LPS (izilwane ezi-5) .Izilwane zazibulawa izinzwa kancane nge-ketamine/xylazine (ketamine 80 mg/kg, i-xyline i-80 mg / kg, i-xylazine ngaphambili 80; ukuchayeka ukuze kuvinjwe ukunyakaza nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ikhanda lesilwane liku-antenna ye-loop ekhipha isignali ye-LTE Indawo ekhiqizwa kabusha ngezansi. Ingxenye yamagundane asuka ekhejini elifanayo yasebenza njengezilawuli (izilwane eziyi-11 ezivezwe nge-sham, kumagundane angu-22 pretreated nge-LPS): abekwe ngaphansi kwe-antenna ye-loop futhi amandla e-LTE. 0.558, ukuhlolwa kwe-t-unpaired, ns).Zonke izilwane ezi-anesthetized zafakwa endaweni yokushisa engenansimbi ukuze zigcine izinga lokushisa lomzimba wazo cishe ngo-37 ° C phakathi nokuhlolwa kwangaphambilini.Njengezivivinyo zangaphambilini, isikhathi sokuchayeka sisethwe emahoreni angu-2. Ngemva kokuchayeka, faka isilwane kwenye indawo yokushisa ekamelweni lokusebenza.Inqubo efanayo ye-rats untre of 1 yasetshenziswa (i-PS exposure 0) efanayo (i-PS exposure engu-1) yasetshenziswa. i-sham-evezwe ekhejini elifanayo (p = 0.694).
Isistimu yokuchayeka yayifana nezinhlelo ezingu-25, 62 ezichazwe ezifundweni ezedlule, kwathathelwa indawo ijeneretha yefrikhwensi yomsakazo ukuze ikhiqize i-LTE esikhundleni sezinkambu zikagesi ze-GSM. (ZHL-4W-422+, Mini-Circuits, USA), i-circulator ( D3 1719-N, Sodhy, France), i-coupler yezindlela ezimbili (CD D 1824-2, − 30 dB, Sodhy, France) kanye nesihlukanisi samandla esinendlela emine (DC D 0922-N 0922-4A power meter 4N, France Expose power imitha), evumela izilwane ezine-Sod Expose (N1921A, Agilent, USA) exhunywe ku-coupler ye-bidirectional evunyelwe ukulinganisa okuqhubekayo nokuqapha isigameko namandla abonisiwe ngaphakathi kwedivayisi.Okukhipha ngakunye kwakuxhunywe ku-loop antenna (Sama-Sistemi srl; Roma), okuvumela ukuvezwa kwengxenye yekhanda lesilwane.I-loop antenna iqukethe isekethe ye-metalric engu-4 ephrintiwe engashintshi =6di ephrintiwe. eqoshwe ku-insulating epoxy substrate.Engxenyeni eyodwa, idivayisi iqukethe intambo ebanzi engu-1 mm eyakha indandatho ebekwe eduze kwekhanda lesilwane.Njengoba ocwaningweni lwangaphambilini26,62, izinga lokumunca elithile (SAR) lanqunywa ngezinombolo kusetshenziswa imodeli yegundane lenombolo kanye nesizinda sesikhathi somehluko okhawulelwe (FDTD) futhi kunqunywe ngendlela653, indlela yokuhlola enqunyiwe653. Kulokhu, i-SAR ku-W/kg ibalwa kusetshenziswa ifomula: SAR = C ΔT/Δt, lapho u-C amandla okushisa ku-J/(kg K), ΔT, ku °K kanye no-Δt Ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, isikhathi ngemizuzwana. Umehluko phakathi kwezilinganiso ze-SAR zezinombolo kanye namanani e-SAR atholwe ngokuhlolwa angaphansi kuka-30%.
Umfanekiso 2a ubonisa ukusatshalaliswa kwe-SAR ebuchosheni begundane kumodeli yegundane, okufana nokusatshalaliswa ngokwesisindo somzimba nobukhulu bamagundane asetshenziswe ocwaningweni lwethu.Isilinganiso sobuchopho SAR sasingu-0.37 ± 0.23 W/kg (okusho ± SD).Amavelu e-SAR aphakeme kakhulu endaweni ye-cortical ngaphansi nje kwe-loop i-antenna ye-SAR .0x AC 0 AC . I-0.08 W/kg (isho ± SD) (I-Fig. 2b) .Njengoba izisindo zomzimba zamagundane avele zifana futhi umehluko ekugqileni kwezicubu zekhanda awunaki, i-SAR yangempela ye-ACx noma ezinye izindawo ze-cortical kulindeleke ukuthi ifane kakhulu phakathi kwesilwane esisodwa esiveziwe nesinye.
Ekupheleni kokuchayeka, izilwane zengezwe ngemithamo eyengeziwe ye-ketamine (20 mg / kg, ip) ne-xylazine (4 mg / kg, ip) kuze kube yilapho kungabikho ukunyakaza kwe-reflex okubonwa ngemva kokuphoqa i-paw yangemuva.I-anesthetic yendawo (i-Xylocain 2%) ijovwe nge-subcutaneously esikhumbeni kanye nesistimu ye-temporalis yokushisa phezu kwe-afterkull ye-metalfree. ukubeka isilwane ohlakeni lwe-stereotaxic, i-craniotomy yenziwa phezu kwe-cortex yesikhashana yesokunxele.Njengoba esifundweni sethu sangaphambilini66, kusukela ekuhlanganiseni kwamathambo e-parietal kanye nesikhashana, ukuvulwa kwakungu-9 mm ububanzi no-5 mm ukuphakama. Ubude obungaphezu kwe-ACx bususwe ngokucophelela ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwe-binocular ngaphandle kokulimaza i-decoction ye-acrylic izitsha zegazi. usimende wokulungisa i-atraumatic yekhanda lesilwane ngesikhathi sokurekhoda.Beka ifreyimu ye-stereotaxic esekela isilwane egumbini lokuthomalalisa i-acoustic (IAC, imodeli AC1).
Idatha itholwe ekurekhodweni kwamayunithi amaningi ku-primary auditory cortex yamagundane angu-20, okuhlanganisa nezilwane ezingu-10 ezenziwe ngaphambili nge-LPS.Ukurekhodwa kwe-Extracellular kutholwe ohlwini lwama-tungsten electrode angu-16 (TDT, ø: 33 µm, < 1 MΩ) ehlanganisa imigqa emibili ye-electrodes engu-80000mµm phakathi kwe-500 electrode ne-spaced ama-electrode kumugqa ofanayo).Intambo yesiliva (ø: 300 µm) yokumisa phansi yafakwa phakathi kwethambo lesikhashana kanye ne-contralateral dura.Indawo elinganiselwe ye-ACx eyinhloko ingu-4-7 mm ngemuva kwe-bregma kanye no-3 mm ventral ku-suture ye-supratemporal.Isiginali eluhlaza yakhuliswa izikhathi eziningi nge-Mediadul 10,-T bese kuthi i-multiple processor iphindwe izikhathi ezingu-10-T uhlelo lokutholwa kwedatha (RX5, TDT).Izimpawu eziqoqwe ku-electrode ngayinye zahlungwa (610–10,000 Hz) ukuze kukhishwe umsebenzi wamayunithi amaningi (MUA).Amazinga e-trigger asethwe ngokucophelela ku-electrode ngayinye (ngabahlanganyeli abaphuphuthekiswe izimo eziveziwe noma eziveziwe ngomkhonyovu) ukuze kukhethwe amandla esenzo amakhulu kunawo wonke avela kusiginali.Ukuhlola igagasi ku-inthanethi okuqoqwe lapha ngaphandle kokuhlolwa kwe-MUA ku-inthanethi nokuqoqwa kwe-MUA ku-inthanethi. kuhlanganisa amandla esenzo akhiqizwe ama-neurons angu-3 kuya kwangu-6 eduze kwama-electrode. Ekuqaleni kokuhlolwa ngakunye, sibeka indawo yohlu lwama-electrode ukuze imigqa emibili yama-electrode ayisishiyagalombili ikwazi ukusampula ama-neurons, kusukela ekuphenduleni okuphansi kuya kokuphezulu uma kwenziwa ku-rostral orientation.
Izivuseleli ze-Acoustic zakhiqizwa eMatlab, zadluliselwa kusistimu yokulethwa komsindo esekelwe ku-RP2.1 (TDT) futhi zathunyelwa kusipikha se-Fostex (FE87E). Isipikha sibekwe u-2 cm ukusuka endlebeni yangakwesokudla yegundane, okuyibanga lapho isipikha sikhiqiza i-spectrum yefrikhwensi eyisicaba (± 340 H) phakathi kuka-360 H. kHz.Ukulinganisa isipikha kwenziwa kusetshenziswa umsindo namathoni amsulwa aqoshwe nge-Bruel kanye nemakrofoni ye-Kjaer 4133 ehlanganiswe ne-preamplifier B&K 2169 kanye nerekhoda yedijithali uMarantz PMD671.I-Spectral Time Receptive Field (STRF) yanqunywa kusetshenziswa amafrikhwensi angama-97 we-gamma-tone engu-4 oH30 owethulwe, okwethulwa ngu-16 kH. ngokulandelana okungahleliwe kokuthi 75 dB SPL ku-4.15 Hz.I-Frequency Response Area (FRA) inqunywa kusetshenziswa isethi yamathoni efanayo futhi yethulwa ngokulandelana okungahleliwe kokuthi 2 Hz ukusuka ku-75 kuya ku-5 dB SPL.Imvamisa ngayinye yethulwa izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili ngokuqina ngakunye.
Izimpendulo ezishukumisayo zemvelo nazo zahlolwa.Ocwaningweni lwangaphambilini, sabona ukuthi ukuphimisela kwamagundane kwakungavamile ukuletha izimpendulo eziqinile ku-ACx, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-neuronal optimal frequency (BF), kanti i-xenograft-specific (isb., iphimbo le-songbird noma i-guinea pig) ngokuvamile (impempe esetshenziswe ku-36 yayixhunywe ku-1 s of stimuli, yethulwa izikhathi ezingama-25).
Singakwazi futhi ukwenza ngokwezifiso izingxenye ze-rf passive ngokuya ngezidingo zakho. Ungafaka ikhasi lokwenza ngokwezifiso ukuze unikeze imininingwane oyidingayo.
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Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-23-2022
