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Iwebhusayithi ye-IEEE ibeka amakhukhi kudivayisi yakho ukuze ikunikeze ulwazi olungcono kakhulu lomsebenzisi.Ngokusebenzisa iwebhusayithi yethu, uyavumelana nokubekwa kwalawa makhukhi.Ukuze ufunde kabanzi, sicela ufunde Inqubomgomo yethu Yobumfihlo.

Ochwepheshe abahamba phambili ku-RF dosimetry bahlinza ubuhlungu be-5G-kanye nomehluko phakathi kokuchayeka nomthamo

U-Kenneth R. Foster unamashumi eminyaka okuhlangenwe nakho kokufunda imisebe yefrikhwensi yomsakazo (RF) kanye nemiphumela yayo ezinhlelweni zebhayoloji.Manje, usebhale ngokubambisana inhlolovo entsha ngesihloko nabanye abacwaningi ababili, u-Marvin Ziskin kanye no-Quirino Balzano.Ngokuqoqiwe, laba abathathu (bonke abangabangane be-IEEE abaqashiwe) banokuhlangenwe nakho okungaphezu kweminyaka eyikhulu kule ndaba.
Inhlolovo, eyanyatheliswa ku-International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ngoFebhuwari, yabheka iminyaka engu-75 edlule yocwaningo mayelana nokuhlolwa kokuchayeka kwe-RF kanye ne-dosimetry.Kuyo, ababhali ababambisene banemininingwane yokuthi umkhakha usuthuthuke kangakanani nokuthi kungani bewubheka njengendaba yempumelelo yesayensi.
I-IEEE Spectrum ikhulume nge-imeyili noprofesa wase-University of Pennsylvania emeritus Foster.Besifuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngokuthi kungani izifundo zokuhlola ukuchayeka kwe-RF ziphumelela kangaka, yini eyenza i-RF dosimetry ibe nzima kangaka, nokuthi kungani ukukhathazeka komphakathi mayelana nempilo nemisebe engenantambo kungabonakali kuphelile.
Kulabo abangawazi umehluko, yini umehluko phakathi kokuchayeka kanye nomthamo?

U-Kenneth Foster: Esimweni sokuphepha kwe-RF, ukuchayeka kubhekisela endaweni engaphandle komzimba, futhi umthamo ubhekisela emandleni amuncwa ngaphakathi kwezicubu zomzimba. Kokubili kubalulekile ezinhlelweni eziningi zokusebenza - isibonelo, ucwaningo lwezokwelapha, lwezempilo, kanye nokuphepha kwemishini kagesi yabathengi.
"Ukuze uthole isibuyekezo esihle socwaningo ngemiphumela yebhayoloji ye-5G, bona isihloko sika-[Ken] Karipidis', esithole 'abukho ubufakazi obuqand' ikhanda bokuthi izinkambu ze-RF ezisezingeni eliphansi ezingaphezu kuka-6 GHz, njengalezo ezisetshenziswa amanethiwekhi e-5G, ziyingozi empilweni yomuntu.' "" -- Kenneth R. Foster, University of Pennsylvania
Foster: Ukulinganisa izinkambu ze-RF endaweni ekhululekile akuyona inkinga.Inkinga yangempela ephakamayo kwezinye izimo ukuhlukahluka okuphezulu kokuchayeka kwe-RF.Isibonelo, ososayensi abaningi baphenya amazinga e-RF emkhakheni wemvelo ukuze kubhekwane nokukhathazeka kwezempilo yomphakathi. Uma kucatshangelwa inani elikhulu lemithombo ye-RF endaweni kanye nokuwohloka okusheshayo kwensimu ye-RF kusuka kunoma yimuphi umthombo, lokhu akuwona umsebenzi olula wokuveza uhlamvu lwe-RF. inselele yangempela, okungenani kososayensi abambalwa abazama ukwenza kanjalo.

Ngenkathi wena nababhali osebenzisana nabo nibhala isihloko sakho se-IJERPH, bekuwumgomo wakho ukukhombisa impumelelo nezinselele ze-dosimetric zezifundo zokuhlola ukuchayeka? Foster: Umgomo wethu uwukukhomba inqubekelaphambili emangalisayo ucwaningo lokuchayeka olwenziwe eminyakeni edlule, eye yanezela ukucaca okuningi ocwaningweni lwemiphumela yebhayoloji yemikhakha yefrikhwensi yomsakazo futhi oluqhubekisele phambili phambili ubuchwepheshe bezokwelapha.
Ingabe amathuluzi athuthuke kangakanani kulezi zindawo?Ungangitshela ukuthi yimaphi amathuluzi owawutholakala ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakho, isibonelo, uma kuqhathaniswa nalokho okutholakala namuhla?Izinsimbi ezithuthukisiwe zifaka isandla kanjani empumelelweni yokuhlola ukuchayeka?
Foster: Amathuluzi asetshenziswa ukukala izinkambu ze-RF ocwaningweni lwezempilo nokuphepha aya eba mancane futhi abe namandla ngokwengeziwe. Ubani obengacabanga emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule ukuthi amathuluzi ensimu yezohwebo ayoba namandla ngokwanele ukuba alethwe endaweni yokusebenza, akwazi ukukala izinkambu ze-RF eziqine ngokwanele ukuze zibangele ingozi emsebenzini, kodwa zizwela ngokwanele ukukala izinkambu ezibuthakathaka zisuka kuzimpondo ezikude ukuze zibone umthombo wesikhathi esifanayo?
Kwenzekani lapho ubuchwepheshe obungenawaya bungena kumabhendi amasha—isibonelo, amaza amamilimitha kanye ne-terahertz kumaselula, noma i-6 GHz ye-Wi-Fi?
Foster: Futhi, inkinga ihlobene nobunkimbinkimbi besimo sokuchayeka, hhayi i-instrumentation.Isibonelo, iziteshi zesisekelo samaselula e-5G ezisezingeni eliphezulu zikhipha imishayo eminingi ehamba emkhathini.Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukulinganisa ukuchayeka kubantu abaseduze nezingosi zeseli ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukuchayeka kuphephile (njengoba kwenzeka njalo).
"Mina mathupha ngikhathazeke kakhulu ngomthelela ongaba khona wesikhathi esiningi sesikrini ekukhuleni kwengane nezindaba zobumfihlo." – Kenneth R. Foster, University of Pennsylvania

Uma ukuhlola ukuchayeka kuyinkinga exazululiwe, yini eyenza kube nzima kangaka ukweqa ku-dosimetry enembile?Yini eyenza eyokuqala ibe lula kakhulu kuneyakamuva?
I-Foster: I-Dosimetry inselele kakhulu kunokuhlola ukuchayeka. Ngokuvamile awukwazi ukufaka i-RF probe emzimbeni wothile. Kunezizathu eziningi zokuthi kungani ungase udinge lolu lwazi, njengasekwelashweni kwe-hyperthermia yokwelashwa komdlavuza, lapho izicubu kufanele zishiswe kuze kufike emazingeni ashiwo ngokunembile. Ukushisa okuncane kakhulu futhi akukho nzuzo yokwelapha, kakhulu futhi uzoshisa isiguli.
Ungakwazi ukungitshela okwengeziwe mayelana nokuthi i-dosimetry yenziwa kanjani namuhla?Uma ungakwazi ukufaka uphenyo emzimbeni womuntu, iyiphi into engcono kakhulu elandelayo?
Foster: Kulungile ukusebenzisa amamitha e-RF yakudala ukuze ulinganise izinkambu ezisemoyeni ngezinhloso ezehlukene. Lokhu kunjalo ngomsebenzi wokuphepha emsebenzini, lapho udinga ukukala izinkambu zefrikhwensi yomsakazo ezenzeka emizimbeni yabasebenzi. Nge-hyperthermia yomtholampilo, kusengadingeka ukuthi uxhume iziguli ezine-thermal probe, kodwa umthamo wekhompiyutha ukhulise umthamo we-computational dosimetry uye wathuthuka kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni okubalulekile kwezobuchwepheshe.Ocwaningweni lwemiphumela yebhayoloji ye-RF (isibonelo, ukusebenzisa izimpondo ezibekwe ezilwaneni), kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi angakanani amandla e-RF amuncwa emzimbeni nokuthi ayaphi.Awukwazi ukuvele uzulise ifoni yakho phambi kwesilwane njengomthombo wokuchayeka (kodwa abanye abaphenyi bayayenza).Kwezinye izifundo ezinkulu, ezifana nocwaningo lwakamuva lweNational Toxicology Programme olwenziwayo ocwaningweni lwangempela lokuchayeka e-National Toxicology to lifetime real energy computed i-dosimetry.
Ucabanga ukuthi kungani kunokuningi okukhathazayo okuqhubekayo mayelana nemisebe engenazintambo kangangokuthi abantu bakala amazinga ekhaya?

I-Foster: Umbono wengozi ibhizinisi eliyinkimbinkimbi.Izici zemisebe yomsakazo ngokuvamile ziyimbangela yokukhathazeka.Awukwazi ukukubona, akukho ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kokuchayeka kanye nemiphumela ehlukahlukene abanye abantu abakhathazeka ngayo, abantu bavame ukudida amandla efrikhwensi yomsakazo (okungewona i-ionizing, okusho ukuthi ama-photon awo abuthaka kakhulu ukuthi anganqamula izibopho zamakhemikhali) nama-X-ray e-ionizing, njll. Imisebe (ngokweqile-ke ukuthi imisebe iyingozi kakhulu ku-wireless). abakwazi ukukhombisa lokhu kuzwela ezifundweni eziphuphutheke kahle nezilawulwa ngendlela efanele.Abanye abantu bazizwa besongelwa inani elitholakala yonke indawo lama-antenna asetshenziselwa ukuxhumana okungenantambo.Izincwadi zesayensi ziqukethe imibiko eminingi ehlobene nempilo yekhwalithi ehlukahlukene lapho umuntu angathola khona indaba ethusayo.Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi kungase kube nenkinga yezempilo (nakuba i-ejensi yezempilo ithole ukuthi yayinokukhathazeka okuncane kodwa yathi "uhlu luyaqhubeka" luqhubeka.

Ukuhlola ukuchayeka kudlala indima kulokhu.Abathengi bangathenga izitholi ze-RF ezingabizi kodwa ezizwela kakhulu futhi baphenye amasiginali e-RF endaweni abakuyo, okukhona okuningi.Ezinye zalezi zixhobo "zochofoza" njengoba zikala ukushaya kwamafrikhwensi omsakazo kumadivayisi afana nezindawo zokufinyelela ze-Wi-Fi, futhi kuzozwakala njengekhawunta ye-Geiger kureactor yenuzi emhlabeni wonke. isicelo.
Ngonyaka odlule, i-British Medical Journal yashicilela isimemo sokumisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-5G kuze kucaciswe ukuphepha kobuchwepheshe. Ucabangani ngalawa makholi? Ucabanga ukuthi azosiza ukwazisa ingxenye yomphakathi ethintekayo mayelana nemiphumela yezempilo yokuchayeka kwe-RF, noma abangele ukudideka okwengeziwe?Foster: Ubhekisela embonweni ka-[isazi sezifo eziwumshayabhuqe uJohn] U-Frank akavumelani nezikhungo eziningi zezempilo ukuthi ubuyekeze isayensi yezempilo. uvele wabiza ucwaningo olwengeziwe, kodwa okungenani oyedwa - ibhodi lezempilo lase-Dutch - licele ukuthi kumiswe ukukhishwa kwe-high-band 5G kuze kube kwenziwa ucwaningo olwengeziwe lwezokuphepha.Lezi zincomo ziqinisekile ukuthi zizoheha ukunaka komphakathi (nakuba i-HCN iphinde icabange ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuthi kukhona ukukhathazeka ngezempilo).
Esihlokweni sakhe, uFrank uyabhala, "Amandla avelayo ocwaningo lwaselabhorethri asikisela [izinkundla ze-radio-frequency electromagnetic fields] imiphumela elimazayo yezinto eziphilayo ze-RF-EMF."

Nansi inkinga: kunezinkulungwane zezifundo zebhayoloji ye-RF emibhalweni. Amaphoyinti okugcina, ukuhambisana nempilo, ikhwalithi yocwaningo kanye namazinga okuchayeka ahluka kakhulu.Iningi lawo libike uhlobo oluthile lomphumela, kuwo wonke amafrikhwensi nawo wonke amazinga okuchayeka.Nokho, izifundo eziningi bezisengozini enkulu yokuchema (i-dosimetry enganele, ukuntuleka kokungaboni, usayizi omncane wesampula, njll.) futhi izifundo eziningi bezingahambisani nabanye." ukucutshungulwa kahle okuvela ezikhungweni zezempilo.Laba behlulekile ngokuqhubekayo ukuthola ubufakazi obucacile bemiphumela emibi yezinkundla ze-RF ezizungezile.
U-Frank ukhale ngokungaguquguquki ekuxoxisaneni esidlangalaleni nge-"5G" -- kodwa wenze iphutha elifanayo ngokungasho amabhendi amafrikhwensi lapho ebhekisela ku-5G. Eqinisweni, i-low-band ne-mid-band 5G isebenza kumaza aseduze namabhendi eselula amanje futhi akubonakali ukuthi yethula izinkinga ezintsha zokuchayeka.I-High-band 5G isebenza kumafrikhwensi ama-5G aqala kancane kuma-mm3 GHz, aqala kancane izifundo ze-Ferekhz kuma-mm3GHz. imiphumela yebhayoloji kulobu bubanzi befrikhwensi, kodwa amandla awangeni ngokulambisa esikhunjeni, futhi ama-ejensi ezempilo awazange aveze ukukhathazeka mayelana nokuphepha kwawo emazingeni okuchayeka avamile.
U-Frank akazange acacise ukuthi yiluphi ucwaningo ayefuna ukulwenza ngaphambi kokukhipha i-"5G," noma ngabe wayeqonde ukuthini. [I-FCC] idinga abalayisensi ukuthi bahambisane nemikhawulo yayo yokuchayeka, efana neyakwamanye amazwe amaningi. Asikho isibonelo sokuthi ubuchwepheshe obusha be-RF buhlolwe ngokuqondile imiphumela yezempilo ye-RF ngaphambi kokugunyazwa, okungase kudinge uchungechunge olungapheli lwezifundo. Uma imingcele ye-FCC kufanele ishintshwe.

Ukuze uthole ukubuyekezwa okuningiliziwe kocwaningo lwemiphumela yebhayoloji ye-5G, bona isihloko sika-[Ken] Karipidis, esithole "abukho ubufakazi obuqand' ikhanda bokuthi izinkambu ze-RF ezisezingeni eliphansi ezingaphezu kuka-6 GHz, njengalezo ezisetshenziswa amanethiwekhi e-5G, ziyingozi empilweni yabantu. Ukubuyekeza kuphinde kwafuna ucwaningo olwengeziwe.
Izincwadi zesayensi zixubile, kodwa kuze kube manje, izikhungo zezempilo azikatholi bufakazi obucacile bezingozi zezempilo ezivela emikhakheni ye-RF.
Uhulumeni wenza imali eningi ngokuthengisa i-spectrum yezokuxhumana ze-5G, futhi kufanele atshale enye yazo ocwaningweni lwezempilo lwekhwalithi ephezulu, ikakhulukazi i-high-band 5G.Ngokwami, ngikhathazeke kakhulu ngomthelela ongaba khona wesikhathi esiningi sesikrini ekukhuleni kwengane nasezindabeni zobumfihlo.
Ingabe zikhona izindlela ezithuthukisiwe zomsebenzi we-dosimetry?Uma kunjalo, yiziphi izibonelo ezithakazelisa kakhulu noma ezithembisayo?

Foster: Cishe ukuthuthukiswa okuyinhloko kuse-computational dosimetry ngokwethulwa kwezindlela zesizinda sesikhathi somehluko ophelile (FDTD) kanye namamodeli ezinombolo zomzimba ngokusekelwe emifanekisweni yezokwelapha enesinqumo esiphezulu.Lokhu kuvumela ukubalwa okunembe kakhulu kokumuncwa komzimba kwamandla e-RF kunoma yimuphi umthombo.I-Computational dosimetry inikeze impilo entsha ekwelapheni umdlavuza, ukuthuthukiswa komdlavuza, kanye nokuthuthukiswa komdlavuza okusetshenziselwe ukwelapha, ukuthuthukiswa kwesifo Izinhlelo ze-MRI imaging kanye nobunye ubuchwepheshe bezokwelapha obuningi.
UMichael Koziol ungumhleli womhleli e-IEEE Spectrum, ehlanganisa zonke izindawo zokuxhumana ngocingo. Uthweswe iziqu e-Seattle University one-BA in English and Physics, kanye ne-MA in Science Journalism yaseNyuvesi yaseNew York.
Ngo-1992, u-Asad M. Madni wathatha izintambo ze-BEI Sensors and Controls, eqondisa umugqa womkhiqizo owawuhlanganisa izinzwa ezihlukahlukene kanye nemishini yokuzulazula ye-inertial, kodwa yayinesisekelo samakhasimende esincane-ikakhulukazi imboni ye-aerospace kanye ne-defense electronics.

Impi Yomshoshaphansi yaphela futhi imboni yezokuvikela yase-US yawa.Futhi ibhizinisi ngeke liphinde lisimame maduze.I-BEI yayidinga ukukhomba ngokushesha futhi ihehe amakhasimende amasha.
Ukuthola lawa makhasimende kudinga ukulahla amasistimu wezinzwa ze-inertial zenkampani ukuze sivune ubuchwepheshe obusha be-quartz obungaqinisekisiwe, izinzwa ze-quartz ezincane, nokuguqula umkhiqizi okhiqiza amashumi ezinkulungwane zezinzwa ezibizayo ngonyaka ukuze akhiqize izigidi ezishibhile. umenzi wenzwa.
UMadni waphusha kanzima ukuze kwenzeke futhi wazuza impumelelo enkulu kunanoma ubani owayengacabanga nge-GyroChip.Le nzwa yokulinganisa engabizi nge-inertial ingeyokuqala yohlobo lwayo ukuhlanganiswa emotweni, okwenza izinhlelo ze-electronic stability control (ESC) zikwazi ukubona ukushibilika nokusebenzisa amabhuleki ukuvimbela ama-rollovers.Njengoba ama-ESC afakwe kuzo zonke izikhathi ezintsha ze-5-1 kusukela kulezi zinhlelo ze-5-1 kusukela kulezi zinhlelo ezingu-20 Abangu-7 000 bahlala e-United States kuphela, ngokweNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Imishini isaqhubeka nokuba senkabeni yezindiza eziningi zezentengiselwano nezizimele, kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula ukuzinza zezinhlelo zokuqondisa imicibisholo yase-US. Yaze yaya kuMars njengengxenye ye-Pathfinder Sojourner rover.
Iqhaza lamanje: USolwazi Obalulekile Wokuhlanganisa e-UCLA; UMongameli Owathatha Umhlalaphansi, i-CEO kanye ne-CTO ye-BEI Technologies

Imfundo: 1968, iRCA College; BS, 1969 kanye 1972, MS, UCLA, kokubili ku-Electrical Engineering; Ph.D., California Coast University, 1987
Amaqhawe: Ngokuvamile, ubaba wangifundisa indlela yokufunda, indlela yokuba umuntu, kanye nencazelo yothando, ububele, nozwela; kwezobuciko, uMichelangelo; kwezesayensi, u-Albert Einstein; kwezobunjiniyela ku, uClaude Shannon
Umculo oyintandokazi: Emculweni waseNtshonalanga, amaBeatles, Rolling Stones, Elvis; Umculo wasempumalanga, amaGhazals
Amalungu enhlangano: IEEE Life Fellow; I-US National Academy of Engineering; I-UK Royal Academy of Engineering; I-Canadian Academy of Engineering
Umklomelo obaluleke kakhulu: Indondo Yokuhlonishwa ye-IEEE: "Iminikelo yokuphayona ekuthuthukisweni nasekuhwebeni kobuchwepheshe obusha bokuzwela kanye nezinhlelo, kanye nobuholi bocwaningo obuvelele"; I-UCLA Alumni Yonyaka ka-2004
UMadni uthole iNdondo Yokuhlonishwa ye-IEEE ka-2022 ngokuphayona i-GyroChip, phakathi kwamanye amagalelo ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe kanye nobuholi bocwaningo.
Ubunjiniyela kwakungeyona into yokuqala ayikhethayo uMadni. Wayefuna ukuba umdwebi onekhono. Kodwa isimo sezezimali somndeni wakhe eMumbai, e-India (ngaleso sikhathi eyayise-Mumbai) ngeminyaka yawo-1950 nawo-1960 samguqulela ebunjiniyela—ikakhulukazi i-electronics, ngenxa yentshisekelo yakhe emisha yakamuva efakwe ephaketheni lama-transistor e-United States, e-RSA wathuthela e-United States66 e-College transistor. I-New York City, eyadalwa ekuqaleni kwawo-1900 ukuqeqesha opharetha abangenazintambo nochwepheshe.
"Ngifuna ukuba unjiniyela okwazi ukusungula izinto," kusho uMadeney, "futhi ngenze izinto ezizogcina zibe nomthelela kubantu. Ngoba uma ngingakwazi ukuba nomthelela kubantu, nginomuzwa wokuthi umsebenzi wami ngeke ufezwe."

UMadni wangena e-UCLA ngo-1969 eneziqu ze-bachelor ku-electrical engineering ngemva kweminyaka emibili ohlelweni lwe-Electronics Technology eRCA College. Waqhubeka nokwenza iziqu ze-master's kanye neziqu zobudokotela, esebenzisa i-digital signal processing kanye ne-frequency domain reflectometry ukuze ahlaziye izinhlelo zokuxhumana ngocingo ocwaningweni lwakhe lwethisisi. Phakathi nezifundo zakhe, wabuye wasebenza njengomfundisi e-Pacific State Oblast's, u-David wasebenza e-Pacific State Management, e-Bertarge. njengonjiniyela oklama ama-peripheral ekhompyutha e-Pertec.
Kwathi ngo-1975, esanda kuhlanganyela futhi ngokuphikelela kowayefunda naye ekilasini, wafaka isicelo somsebenzi emnyangweni we-microwave we-Systron Donner.
UMadni waqala ukuklama i-spectrum analyzer yokuqala yomhlaba ngesitoreji sedijithali e-Systron Donner. Wayengakaze asebenzise i-spectrum analyzer ngaphambili-yayibiza kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi-kodwa wayeyazi kahle inkolelo-mbono ukuze azikholise ukuthi athathe umsebenzi.Wabe esechitha izinyanga eziyisithupha ehlola, ethola ulwazi olunzulu ngethuluzi ngaphambi kokuzama ukuliklama kabusha.
Le phrojekthi yathatha iminyaka emibili futhi, ngokusho kukaMadni, yabangela amalungelo obunikazi amathathu abalulekile, eqala "ukukhuphukela ezintweni ezinkulu nezingcono." Yabuye yamfundisa ukwazisa ngomehluko phakathi "kokushoyo ukuba nolwazi lwethiyori kanye nokuhweba ubuchwepheshe obungasiza abanye," esho.

Singakwazi futhi ukwenza ngokwezifiso izingxenye ze-rf passive ngokuya ngezidingo zakho. Ungafaka ikhasi lokwenza ngokwezifiso ukuze unikeze imininingwane oyidingayo.
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