Izindaba

Iwebhusayithi ye-IEEE ibeka amakhukhi kudivayisi yakho ukuze ikunikeze ulwazi olungcono kakhulu lomsebenzisi. Ngokusebenzisa iwebhusayithi yethu, uyavuma ukubekwa kwala makhukhi. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi, sicela ufunde Inqubomgomo yethu Yobumfihlo.

Ochwepheshe abaphambili ku-RF dosimetry bahlaziya ubuhlungu be-5G—kanye nomehluko phakathi kokuchayeka kanye nomthamo

UKenneth R. Foster uneminyaka eminingi yesipiliyoni sokufunda ngemisebe ye-radio frequency (RF) kanye nemiphumela yayo ezinhlelweni zezinto eziphilayo. Manje, ubhale ucwaningo olusha ngalesi sihloko nabanye abacwaningi ababili, uMarvin Ziskin noQuirino Balzano. Ngokubambisana, bobathathu (bonke abangochwepheshe be-IEEE) banolwazi olungaphezu kwekhulu ngalesi sihloko.
Lolu cwaningo, olwanyatheliswa kuyi-International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ngoFebhuwari, lubheke eminyakeni engu-75 edlule yocwaningo mayelana nokuhlolwa kokuchayeka kwe-RF kanye ne-dosimetry. Kuyo, ababhali ababambisene bachaza ukuthi lo mkhakha usuthuthuke kangakanani nokuthi kungani bewubheka njengendaba yempumelelo yesayensi.
I-IEEE Spectrum ikhulume nge-imeyili noprofesa wase-University of Pennsylvania u-emeritus Foster. Besifuna ukufunda kabanzi ngokuthi kungani izifundo zokuhlola ukuchayeka kwe-RF ziphumelela kangaka, yini eyenza i-RF dosimetry ibe nzima kangaka, nokuthi kungani ukukhathazeka komphakathi mayelana nempilo kanye nemisebe engenantambo kubonakala kungasuki.
Kulabo abangawazi umehluko, uyini umehluko phakathi kokuchayeka kanye nomthamo?

UKenneth Foster: Uma kukhulunywa ngokuphepha kwe-RF, ukuvezwa kubhekisela ensimini engaphandle komzimba, kanti umthamo ubhekisela emandleni amuncwa ngaphakathi kwezicubu zomzimba. Zombili zibalulekile ezicelweni eziningi - isibonelo, ucwaningo lwezokwelapha, lwezempilo zomsebenzi, kanye nokuphepha kwe-elekthronikhi yabathengi.
"Ukuze uthole isibuyekezo esihle socwaningo ngemiphumela yezinto eziphilayo ze-5G, bheka isihloko sika-[Ken] Karipidis, esithole 'akukho bufakazi obuqinisekile bokuthi amasimu e-RF asezingeni eliphansi angaphezu kwe-6 GHz, njengalawo asetshenziswa amanethiwekhi e-5G, ayingozi empilweni yabantu.'" -- Kenneth R. Foster, eNyuvesi yasePennsylvania
Foster: Ukulinganisa amasimu e-RF endaweni ekhululekile akuyona inkinga. Inkinga yangempela ephakama kwezinye izimo ukuguquguquka okuphezulu kokuchayeka kwe-RF. Isibonelo, ososayensi abaningi baphenya amazinga ensimu ye-RF endaweni ezungezile ukuze babhekane nezinkinga zezempilo zomphakathi. Uma sicabanga ngenani elikhulu lemithombo ye-RF endaweni ezungezile kanye nokuwohloka okusheshayo kwensimu ye-RF kunoma yimuphi umthombo, lokhu akuwona umsebenzi olula. Ukuhlukanisa ngokunembile ukuchayeka komuntu ngamunye kumasimu e-RF kuyinselele yangempela, okungenani kososayensi abambalwa abazama ukwenza kanjalo.

Ngesikhathi wena nababhali bakho nibhala isihloko se-IJERPH, ingabe umgomo wenu wawuwukukhomba impumelelo kanye nezinselele ze-dosimetric zezifundo zokuhlola ukuchayeka? Foster: Umgomo wethu ukukhomba intuthuko emangalisayo eyenziwe ucwaningo lokuhlola ukuchayeka eminyakeni edlule, okuye kwanezela ukucaca okukhulu ocwaningweni lwemiphumela yezinto eziphilayo zamasimu omsakazo futhi kwaholela ekuthuthukisweni okukhulu kwezobuchwepheshe bezokwelapha.
Kuthuthuke kangakanani ukusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi kulezi zindawo? Ungangitshela ukuthi yimaphi amathuluzi ayetholakala kuwe ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakho, isibonelo, uma kuqhathaniswa nalokho okutholakala namuhla? Amathuluzi athuthukisiwe anikela kanjani empumelelweni yokuhlolwa kokuchayeka?
Foster: Izinsimbi ezisetshenziswa ukukala amasimu e-RF ocwaningweni lwezempilo nokuphepha ziya ngokuya zincipha futhi zinamandla kakhulu. Ubani owayengacabanga emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule ukuthi izinsimbi zensimu yezentengiselwano zizoqina ngokwanele ukuba zilethwe endaweni yokusebenza, zikwazi ukukala amasimu e-RF aqine ngokwanele ukubangela ingozi emsebenzini, kodwa zibe bucayi ngokwanele ukukala amasimu abuthakathaka kusuka kuma-antenna akude? Ngesikhathi esifanayo, nquma ububanzi obuqondile besignali ukuze ukhombe umthombo wayo?
Kwenzekani uma ubuchwepheshe obungenantambo bungena kuma-frequency band amasha—isibonelo, amagagasi e-millimeter kanye ne-terahertz eselula, noma amagagasi angu-6 GHz e-Wi-Fi?
Foster: Futhi, inkinga ihlobene nobunzima besimo sokuchayeka, hhayi ukufakwa kwezinsimbi. Isibonelo, iziteshi zesisekelo seselula ze-5G eziphezulu zikhipha imisebe eminingi ehamba esikhaleni. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukulinganisa ukuchayeka kubantu abaseduze nezindawo zeselula ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuchayeka kuphephile (njengoba cishe njalo kunjalo).
“Mina ngokwami ​​ngikhathazeke kakhulu ngomthelela ongaba khona wesikhathi esiningi sesikrini ezindabeni zokuthuthukiswa kwengane kanye nobumfihlo.” – Kenneth R. Foster, University of Pennsylvania

Uma ukuhlolwa kokuchayeka kuyinkinga exazululiwe, yini eyenza ukugxuma ku-dosimetry enembile kube nzima kangaka? Yini eyenza okokuqala kube lula kakhulu kunokwesibili?
I-Foster: I-Dosimetry iyinselele kakhulu kunokuhlola ukuchayeka. Ngokuvamile awukwazi ukufaka i-RF probe emzimbeni womuntu. Kunezizathu eziningi zokuthi kungani ungadinga lolu lwazi, njengokwelashwa kwe-hyperthermia yokwelapha umdlavuza, lapho izicubu kufanele zifudunyezwe khona emazingeni acacisiwe. Uma zishiswa kancane kakhulu futhi azikho izinzuzo zokwelapha, ziningi kakhulu futhi uzoshisa isiguli.
Ungangitshela okwengeziwe ngendlela i-dosimetry eyenziwa ngayo namuhla? Uma ungakwazi ukufaka i-probe emzimbeni womuntu, iyiphi into elandelayo engcono kakhulu?
Foster: Kulungile ukusebenzisa amamitha e-RF akudala ukukala amasimu emoyeni ngezinjongo ezahlukahlukene. Lokhu kunjalo nangomsebenzi wokuphepha emsebenzini, lapho udinga ukukala amasimu emvamisa yomsakazo ayenzeka emizimbeni yabasebenzi. Nge-hyperthermia yezokwelapha, kungase kudingeke ukuthi uqoqe iziguli ngama-thermal probes, kodwa i-computational dosimetry ithuthukise kakhulu ukunemba kokulinganisa imithamo yokushisa futhi iholele ekuthuthukisweni okubalulekile kwezobuchwepheshe. Ezifundweni zemiphumela ye-RF biological (isibonelo, ukusebenzisa ama-antenna abekwe ezilwaneni), kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi angakanani amandla e-RF amuncwa emzimbeni nokuthi aya kuphi. Awukwazi ukumane uphakamise ifoni yakho phambi kwesilwane njengomthombo wokuvezwa (kodwa abanye abacwaningi bayakwenza). Kwezinye izifundo ezinkulu, njengocwaningo lwakamuva lwe-National Toxicology Program lokuchayeka empilweni yonke emandleni e-RF emagundwini, ayikho enye indlela yangempela esikhundleni se-computed dosimetry.
Ucabanga ukuthi kungani kunezinkinga eziningi kangaka eziqhubekayo mayelana nemisebe engenantambo kangangokuthi abantu balinganisa amazinga emakhaya?

Foster: Ukubona ingozi kuyibhizinisi eliyinkimbinkimbi. Izici zemisebe yomsakazo zivame ukubangela ukukhathazeka. Awukwazi ukukubona, akukho ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kokuchayeka nemiphumela ehlukahlukene abanye abantu abakhathazeka ngayo, abantu bavame ukudidanisa amandla emvamisa yomsakazo (ukunga-ionizing, okusho ukuthi ama-photon awo abuthakathaka kakhulu ukuphula izibopho zamakhemikhali) nama-X-ray a-ionizing, njll. Imisebe (iyingozi ngempela). Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi "bazwela kakhulu" imisebe engenantambo, yize ososayensi behlulekile ukubonisa lokhu kuzwela ezifundweni ezingaboni kahle nezilawulwayo. Abanye abantu bazizwa besongelwa yinani eligcwele lama-antenna asetshenziselwa ukuxhumana okungenantambo. Izincwadi zesayensi ziqukethe imibiko eminingi ehlobene nempilo yekhwalithi ehlukahlukene umuntu angathola ngayo indaba eyesabekayo. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi kungaba nenkinga yezempilo (yize i-ejensi yezempilo ithole ukuthi ayinandaba kodwa yathi "ucwaningo olwengeziwe" luyadingeka). Uhlu luyaqhubeka.

Ukuhlolwa kokuvezwa kudlala indima kulokhu. Abathengi bangathenga ama-RF detectors angabizi kodwa azwela kakhulu futhi bahlole amasignali e-RF endaweni yabo, amaningi awo. Amanye alawa madivayisi "ayachofoza" njengoba elinganisa ama-pulse emvamisa yomsakazo avela kumadivayisi afana nezindawo zokufinyelela ze-Wi-Fi, futhi azozwakala njengekhawunta ye-Geiger ku-reactor yenuzi yomhlaba. Kuyesabeka. Amanye amamitha e-RF nawo athengiswa ukuzingela izipoki, kodwa lolu uhlelo lokusebenza oluhlukile.
Ngonyaka odlule, i-British Medical Journal yashicilela isicelo sokumisa ukuthunyelwa kwe-5G kuze kube yilapho kutholakala ukuphepha kobuchwepheshe. Ucabangani ngalezi zingcingo? Ucabanga ukuthi zizosiza ukwazisa ingxenye yomphakathi ekhathazekile ngemiphumela yezempilo yokuchayeka kwi-RF, noma zibangele ukudideka okwengeziwe? U-Foster: Ubhekisela engosini yombono ka-[epidemiologist uJohn] Frank, futhi angivumelani neningi layo. Izinhlangano eziningi zezempilo ezibukeze isayensi zimane nje zacela ucwaningo olwengeziwe, kodwa okungenani eyodwa - ibhodi lezempilo laseDutch - icele ukuthi kumiswe ukuqaliswa kwe-5G ephezulu kuze kube yilapho kwenziwa ucwaningo olwengeziwe lokuphepha. Lezi zincomo ziqinisekile ukuthi zizodonsela ukunaka komphakathi (yize i-HCN nayo ibona kungenakwenzeka ukuthi kube nezinkinga zempilo).
Esihlokweni sakhe, uFrank ubhala athi, "Amandla avelayo ezifundo zelebhu abonisa [amasimu kagesi asebenzisa i-radio-frequency] imiphumela ebhubhisayo yezinto eziphilayo ye-RF-EMF."

Yileyo inkinga: kunezinkulungwane zezifundo zemiphumela yebhayoloji ye-RF ezincwadini. Amaphuzu okugcina, ukufaneleka empilweni, ikhwalithi yocwaningo kanye namazinga okuvezwa kwahlukahluka kakhulu. Iningi lazo libike uhlobo oluthile lomphumela, kuzo zonke imvamisa kanye nawo wonke amazinga okuvezwa. Kodwa-ke, izifundo eziningi zazisengozini enkulu yokubandlulula (i-dosimetry enganele, ukuntuleka kokungaboni, usayizi omncane wesampula, njll.) futhi izifundo eziningi zazingahambisani nezinye "Amandla ocwaningo avelayo" awasho lutho kangako ngalezi zincwadi ezingacacile. UFrank kufanele athembele ekuhlolweni okuseduze okuvela ezinhlanganweni zezempilo. Lezi ziye zahluleka njalo ukuthola ubufakazi obucacile bemiphumela emibi yamasimu e-RF azungezile.
UFrank wakhononda ngokungaguquguquki kokuxoxa esidlangalaleni nge-"5G" -- kodwa wenza iphutha elifanayo ngokungakhulumi ngama-frequency band lapho ebhekisela ku-5G.Eqinisweni, i-5G ye-low-band kanye ne-mid-band isebenza kuma-frequency aseduze nama-cellular band amanje futhi akubonakali sengathi iletha izinkinga ezintsha zokuchayeka. I-High-band 5G isebenza kuma-frequency angaphansi kancane kwe-mmWave range, eqala ku-30 ​​GHz.Zimbalwa izifundo ezenziwe ngemiphumela yezinto eziphilayo kuleli banga lama-frequency, kodwa amandla awangeni esikhumbeni, futhi izinhlangano zezempilo azizange ziveze ukukhathazeka ngokuphepha kwawo emazingeni okuvezwa avamile.
UFrank akacacisanga ukuthi yiluphi ucwaningo ayefuna ukulwenza ngaphambi kokukhipha i-"5G," noma ngabe wayesho ukuthini. I-[FCC] idinga ukuthi abanikazi bamalayisense banamathele emikhawulweni yayo yokuchayeka, efana naleyo ekwamanye amazwe amaningi. Akukho sibonelo sokuba ubuchwepheshe obusha be-RF buhlolwe ngqo ngemiphumela yezempilo ye-RF ngaphambi kokuvunyelwa, okungadinga uchungechunge olungapheli lwezifundo. Uma imikhawulo ye-FCC ingaphephile, kufanele ishintshwe.

Ukuze uthole ukubuyekezwa okuningiliziwe kocwaningo lwemiphumela yezinto eziphilayo lwe-5G, bheka isihloko sika-[Ken] Karipidis, esithole ukuthi "akukho bufakazi obuqinisekile bokuthi amasimu e-RF asezingeni eliphansi angaphezu kwe-6 GHz, njengalawo asetshenziswa amanethiwekhi e-5G, ayingozi empilweni yabantu. Ukubuyekezwa kuphinde kwacela ucwaningo olwengeziwe."
Izincwadi zesayensi zixubile, kodwa kuze kube manje, izinhlangano zezempilo azikatholi bufakazi obucacile bezingozi zempilo ezivela emikhakheni ye-RF ezungezile. Kodwa ngokuqinisekile, izincwadi zesayensi ngemiphumela yezinto eziphilayo ze-mmWave zincane kakhulu, zinezifundo ezingaba yi-100, futhi zinekhwalithi ehlukahlukene.
Uhulumeni wenza imali eningi ngokuthengisa i-spectrum yokuxhumana kwe-5G, futhi kufanele atshale enye yayo ocwaningweni lwezempilo olusezingeni eliphezulu, ikakhulukazi i-5G ephezulu. Mina ngokwami, ngikhathazeke kakhulu ngomthelela ongaba khona wesikhathi esiningi sesikrini ezindabeni zokuthuthukiswa kwengane kanye nobumfihlo.
Ingabe zikhona izindlela ezithuthukisiwe zomsebenzi we-dosimetry? Uma kunjalo, yiziphi izibonelo ezithakazelisayo noma ezithembisayo kakhulu?

Foster: Mhlawumbe intuthuko enkulu isekulinganisweni kwezibalo ngokwethulwa kwezindlela ze-finite difference time domain (FDTD) kanye namamodeli ezinombolo omzimba asekelwe ezithombeni zezokwelapha ezinesinqumo esiphezulu. Lokhu kuvumela ukubalwa okunembile kakhulu kokumuncwa kwamandla e-RF emzimbeni kunoma yimuphi umthombo. I-computational dosimetry inikeze impilo entsha ekwelashweni kwezokwelapha okusunguliwe, njenge-hyperthermia esetshenziswa ukwelapha umdlavuza, futhi iholele ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlelo zokuthwebula izithombe ze-MRI ezithuthukisiwe kanye nezinye ubuchwepheshe obuningi bezokwelapha.
UMichael Koziol ungumhleli ohlangene e-IEEE Spectrum, ohlanganisa zonke izindawo zokuxhumana. Uphothule e-Seattle University eneziqu ze-BA ngesiNgisi ne-Physics, kanye ne-MA kwi-Science Journalism evela e-New York University.
Ngo-1992, u-Asad M. Madni wathatha izintambo ze-BEI Sensors and Controls, eqondisa umugqa womkhiqizo owawuhlanganisa izinzwa ezahlukahlukene kanye nemishini yokuzulazula engenazintambo, kodwa yayinesisekelo samakhasimende esincane—ikakhulukazi izimboni zezindiza kanye nezama-elekthronikhi zokuzivikela.

IMpi Yomshoshaphansi yaphela futhi imboni yezokuvikela yase-US yawa. Futhi ibhizinisi ngeke liphinde lilulame maduze. I-BEI kwakudingeka ithole ngokushesha futhi idonse amakhasimende amasha.
Ukuthola la makhasimende kudinga ukuyeka izinhlelo zezinzwa ze-inertial zenkampani esikhundleni sobuchwepheshe obusha be-quartz obungaqinisekisiwe, ukwenza izinzwa ze-quartz zibe zincane, nokuguqula umenzi okhiqiza amashumi ezinkulungwane zezinzwa ezibizayo ngonyaka abe ngumkhiqizi we-sensor oshibhile kakhulu.
UMadni waphokophela kanzima ukuze kwenzeke lokhu futhi waphumelela kakhulu kunalokho okwakungacatshangwa yi-GyroChip. Le sensor yokulinganisa i-inertial engabizi kakhulu ingeyokuqala yohlobo lwayo ukufakwa emotweni, okwenza izinhlelo zokulawula ukuzinza kwe-elekthronikhi (ESC) zikwazi ukubona ukushelela nokusebenzisa amabhuleki ukuvimbela ukugoba. Njengoba ama-ESC afakwa kuzo zonke izimoto ezintsha esikhathini seminyaka emihlanu kusukela ngo-2011 kuya ku-2015, lezi zinhlelo zasindisa izimpilo ezingu-7,000 e-United States kuphela, ngokusho kwe-National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Le mishini iyaqhubeka nokuba yinhliziyo yezindiza eziningi zezentengiselwano nezangasese, kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula ukuzinza kwezinhlelo zokuqondisa imicibisholo yase-US. Yaze yaya eMars njengengxenye ye-Pathfinder Sojourner rover.
Indima yamanje: Uprofesa Ovelele e-UCLA; UMongameli osethathe umhlalaphansi, i-CEO kanye ne-CTO ye-BEI Technologies

Imfundo: 1968, RCA College; BS, 1969 kanye no-1972, MS, UCLA, kokubili ku-Electrical Engineering; Ph.D., eCalifornia Coast University, 1987
Amaqhawe: Ngokuvamile, ubaba wangifundisa indlela yokufunda, ukuba ngumuntu, kanye nencazelo yothando, uzwela, kanye nozwela; kwezobuciko, uMichelangelo; kwezesayensi, u-Albert Einstein; kwezobunjiniyela, uClaude Shannon
Umculo owuthandayo: Emculweni waseNtshonalanga, amaBeatles, amaRolling Stones, ama-Elvis; umculo waseMpumalanga, amaGhazals
Amalungu enhlangano: IEEE Life Fellow; I-US National Academy of Engineering; I-UK Royal Academy of Engineering; I-Canadian Academy of Engineering
Umklomelo obaluleke kakhulu: I-IEEE Medal of Honor: "Iminikelo yokuqondisa ekuthuthukiseni nasekuthengisweni kobuchwepheshe bokuzwa obusha kanye nezinhlelo, kanye nobuholi obuhle bocwaningo"; Abafundi abaphothule i-UCLA Yonyaka ka-2004
UMadni wathola iMedal of Honor ye-IEEE ka-2022 ngokuba ngumsunguli we-GyroChip, phakathi kwezinye iminikelo ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe kanye nobuholi bocwaningo.
Ubunjiniyela kwakungewona umsebenzi wokuqala kaMadni awukhethayo. Wayefuna ukuba ngumdwebi omuhle nomculi. Kodwa isimo sezimali somndeni wakhe eMumbai, eNdiya (ngaleso sikhathi iMumbai) ngawo-1950 nawo-1960 samguqula waba ubunjiniyela—ikakhulukazi i-electronics, ngenxa yesithakazelo sakhe ezintweni ezintsha zakamuva ezifakwe kuma-transistor radios. Ngo-1966, wathuthela e-United States ukuyofunda i-electronics eRCA College eNew York City, eyasungulwa ekuqaleni kwawo-1900 ukuqeqesha opharetha nabachwepheshe abangenantambo.
“Ngifuna ukuba unjiniyela ongakwazi ukusungula izinto,” kusho uMadeney, “futhi ngenze izinto ezizogcina zithinte abantu. Ngoba uma ngingenakukwazi ukuthonya abantu, nginomuzwa wokuthi umsebenzi wami ngeke ugcwaliseke.”

UMadni wangena e-UCLA ngo-1969 eneziqu ze-bachelor's in electrical engineering ngemuva kweminyaka emibili ohlelweni lwe-Electronics Technology e-RCA College. Waqhubeka nokuphishekela iziqu ze-master's kanye ne-doctorate, esebenzisa i-digital signal processing kanye ne-frequency domain reflectometry ukuhlaziya izinhlelo zokuxhumana ocwaningweni lwakhe lwe-thesis. Phakathi nezifundo zakhe, wasebenza njengomfundisi ePacific State University, wasebenza ekuphathweni kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo esitolo sezitolo saseBeverly Hills uDavid Orgell, kanye nonjiniyela oklama izinto ezisetshenziswayo zamakhompyutha ePertec.
Kwathi ngo-1975, esanda kushada futhi ephikelelwa ngomunye wabafundi ayefunda nabo, wafaka isicelo somsebenzi emnyangweni we-microwave kaSystron Donner.
UMadni waqala ukuklama i-spectrum analyzer yokuqala emhlabeni enesitoreji sedijithali eSystron Donner. Wayengakaze asebenzise i-spectrum analyzer ngaphambili—zazibiza kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi—kodwa wayeyazi kahle le mbono ukuze azikholise ukuthi athathe lo msebenzi. Wabe esechitha izinyanga eziyisithupha ehlola, ethola ulwazi olusebenzayo ngaleli thuluzi ngaphambi kokuzama ukuliklama kabusha.
Lo msebenzi wathatha iminyaka emibili, futhi ngokusho kukaMadni, waholela emalungeni amathathu abalulekile, eqala "ukukhuphukela ezintweni ezinkulu nezingcono." Wamfundisa nokuqonda umehluko phakathi "kokuthi kusho ukuthini ukuba nolwazi lwethiyori kanye nokwenza ubuchwepheshe bezentengiselwano bungasiza abanye," esho.

Singakwazi futhi ukwenza ngezifiso izingxenye ze-rf passive ngokwezidingo zakho. Ungangena ekhasini lokwenza ngezifiso ukuze unikeze imininingwane oyidingayo.
https://www.keenlion.com/customization/

I-Emali:
sales@keenlion.com
tom@keenlion.com